The Encyclopedic Palace (before Venice)
Andrew Fowler
Art 3850 6/12As before mentioned in the syllabus the notion of an accumulation of human knowledge, discovery and intellect has fascinated the more enlightened individuals since recorded history. But why would such a theme be so compelling; do we all share this idealistic trait (consciously or not). We cannot help but to speculate what might be derived from our continual need to expand our (communal) gained knowledge. So I will start where everything that exists in human perception can be quantified-Within the mind or simply, our psychology-
Objectively, as an animal we are among a very select group of organisms capable of passing on learned information from one generation to the next. It is from these “building blocks” that allowed for the most efficient, nearly exponential rate of adaptation and growth as compared to any other creature that has ever lived. So in a way the encyclopedic Palace is encoded inside every one of us, within our Psyche. Simply put it is the way we learn; from shapes and colors to advances mathematics. All that Information passed down through the generations, constantly being pushed and built upon.
The creative individualistic mind that is so uniquely human also seems to have a natural instinct to express its self physically. Now with that in mind, how might a creative individual such as Marino Auriti express his ambitions on this peculiar matter? Well he built a model for the greatest museum to ever grace this world. He wanted a palace that would rule in the kingdom of knowledge and discovery. A place where one could unravel everything, to the last detail that man has achieved throughout our existence. A noble cause no doubt but one that never came to be. Maybe we simply aren’t ready for such an enlightened feat, or possibly such an expression is not needed for we have so much more to discover. After all is it even possible for our entire existence to be confined in one place?
Course Syllabus
ARTH 3850 Travel Study-Art History Contemporary
Art at 55th Venice Biennale 2013
4 credit hours
SYLLABUS
Our primary focus for
the art-history aspects of this study abroad program will be the 55th Venice
Biennale, for over a century one of the leading venues for the exhibition of
contemporary art. The opportunity to explore such a deep and wide-ranging
survey of contemporary art firsthand will represent the majority of our
art-historical research. Additional historical and cultural context will
involve the study of modernism and a number of Renaissance-era sites and
artists.
Research for the
art-history requirements will be scheduled alternately with time set aside for
the studio art component of the program.
You will be required to
produce an extensive JOURNAL with specific entries/sections
(see below).
Minimum requirements for
grades A through C have been outlined; any additional (art
historical/contemporary art/cultural-related) entries will get you extra
credit.
MUST have a notebook
with you at all times, and use it.
All entries must be
typed/word-processed (transcribe the notes you have taken, edit, expand)
All entries must be
clearly labeled/entitled (as provided)
All supplemental
material must be clearly identified
All sections must
be clearly bookmarked by dividers etc. (follow section-division below)
All entries must be
numbered so it is easy to check off your entry requirements, described below
Here is the organization
we expect you to follow for your art history journal and the material required
for each section:
Section 1:
CONTEMPORARY
55th International Art
Exhibition: The Encyclopedic Palace
The title chosen
by curator Massimiliano Gioni for the 55th International Art
Exhibition is: Il Palazzo Enciclopedico / The Encyclopedic Palace.
Massimiliano Gioniintroduced the choice of theme evoking the artist self-taught
Italian-American Marino Auriti that “on November 16, 1955 filed a design with
the US Patent office depicting his Palazzo Enciclopedico (The
Encyclopedic Palace), an imaginary museum that was meant to house all worldly
knowledge, bringing together the greatest discoveries of the human race, from
the wheel to the satellite. Auriti’s plan was never carried out, of course, but
the dream of universal, all-embracing knowledge crops up throughout history, as
one that eccentrics like Auriti share with many other artists, writers,
scientists, and prophets who have tried - often in vain - to fashion an image
of the world that will capture its infinite variety and richness.”
Write a brief
before-Venice essay about the title of this year's Central
Pavilion exhibition (which is, of course, also the theme of the entire
Biennale), not more than 1 page.
Go to: http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/exhibition/artists/, and print out the names of all 154
artists and put into your folder.
You are expected to
have entries on 40 of these 154 artists, in alphabetical order, and
will be required to provide the following information for each entry:
A few researched lines about
the artist that capture the essence(s) of his/her/their art.Provide source of
information. This could be done before or after Venice, but must precede the
next item in your journal.
A brief paragraph/personal essay on the artist upon seeing
his/her/their art in person.
A print-out (in color) of one photo
YOU took of the work while in Venice; must be decent in terms of technical
quality, to serve as a reference for your writing.
If available,
include flyer/brochure on the artist in a sleeve.
Finally, write another brief, this time after-Venice essay,
reflecting on your experiences with that title and its
meanings during your stay in Venice, up to two pages in length.
The Encyclopedic Palace, critique assignment
As part of our work
together in Venice, you will be choosing two artists from the Encyclopedic
Palace show, to critique for the whole group. Choose one artist to positively
critique, and one artist to negatively critique. A 5-10 minute presentation in
front of each work (by you), followed by questions and discussion, will take
place during the last week of our stay. Your critique should include your
observations and remarks on form, materials, and concepts found in the work.
What makes the works in question successful or unsuccessful in your estimation?
For your journal,
include images of the two artists you have chosen to critique and then include
250 words summarizing your critiques, and the subsequent discussions we had.
These summations do not have to address all the comments from your fellow
students, but should summarize your initial argument thoroughly.
55th International Art
Exhibition: National Pavilions
From the statement by
Paolo Baratta, President of La Biennale:
“88 countries are participating in this
Biennale, of which 10 are present for the first time: Angola, the
Bahamas, the Kingdom of Bahrain, Ivory Coast, the
Republic of Kosovo, Kuwait, the Maldives, Paraguay, Tuvalu,
and last but not least, the Holy See.”
Print out the entries for all 88
Nations/Artists and put into your folder/binder.
You are expected to
have entries on 40 of these 88, in alphabetical order according to
country; here are the requirements for each entry:
A brief paragraph/personal essay on the artist/s representing the
country.
A print-out (in
color) of one photo YOU took of the work while in Venice;
must be decent in terms of technical quality
If available, include
flyer/brochure on the country/artist/s in a sleeve.
Extra Credit: a few researched lines about the artist/s
representing the country, that capture the essence(s) of his/her/their art.
Provide source of information.
55th International Art
Exhibition: Collateral Events
Collateral Events will be arranged by international organizations
and institutions, which will set up their exhibitions and initiatives in
various locations around the city on the occasion of the Biennale.
Go to: http://www.labiennale.org/en/art/exhibition/collateral-events/, and print out the listings for the Collateral Events and
put into your folder.
You are expected to
have entries on 5 of these 40+ Collateral Events. We will visit
several of these, and you may also visit others on your own time.
A brief paragraph/personal essay on the artist/s represented in
the Collateral Event or on the event/installation/etc. in general.
A print-out (in color) of one photo YOU took of the Collateral
Event;
If available, include
flyer/brochure on the country/artist/s in a sleeve.
Additional Exhibitions,
the Pinault Collection, and beyond
You will be required to
include written responses (length and topics to be determined) to several other
large exhibitions, including the shows of works of the collection of Francois
Pinault. Likely venues to be added to this section include:
Palazzo Fortuny
Pinchuk Foundation (Future Generations Art
Prize)
Museo Correro
Punta della Dogana (Francois Pinault Collection)
Palazzo Grassi (Francois Pinault Collection)
We will add these
assignment expectations to the journal after exploring some of the specifics we
encounter in Venice.
Section 2:
MODERNISM
Guggenheim Venice
Starting with the Grove
Dictionary of Art (online via Stewart Library) (de-select all but
Grove), research the following 10 artists you will be seeing at the at the
Peggy Guggenheim Collection of Modern Art:
1. Max Ernst
2. Kurt Schwitters
3. Victor Brauner
4. Joseph Cornell
5. Jackson Pollock
6. Henry Moore
7. Massimo Campigli
8. Arnaldo Pomodoro
9. Pablo Picasso
10. Leonor Fini
Include print-outs
on each artist from the Grove dictionary; show evidence of having
read the info by underlining/highlighting/commenting in the margins.
Using artstor,
find one image for each of the 10 artists, download, fully identify and print a
decent copy to accompany your information.
Section 3:
RENAISSANCE IN VENICE AND PADOVA
In the Grove Dictionary
of Art, read the entries on the following essential Venetian quintuple -
selectively (there's a lot ...) print out info on each and
proceed as with the Guggenheim assignment above, showing evidence of interaction
and committed learning.
a. Tintoretto
b. Veronese
c. Titian
d. Bellini
e. Carpaccio
Then, write one typed
page per artist, based on your personal experience with each of these artists
while in Venice, and include these in the journal.
Also in the Grove
Dictionary, read up on Giotto, specifically any information relating to his
cycle of fresco paintings in the Arena Chapel in Padua (Padova). We will visit
this chapel as the highlight of our daytrip to Padua.
You will need to include
1-2 pages, after having seen the frescoes in situ, in your journal on this
experience.
Learning Outcomes
A the successful
completion of this course students should demonstrate growth in the following
DOVA learning outcomes:
- Possess a basic
knowledge of visual culture.
- Have an awareness of
the richness of cultural diversity through the study of creative work from
many cultures.
- Possess skills in oral
and written communication as they pertain to the visual arts.
- Be able to think
critically. Students should be able not only to analyze a work of art using
traditional methods, but should also be able to develop
thoughtful new interpretations.
- Be able to effectively
do research using contemporary and traditional methods.
Expectations / Grading /
Extra Credit
All requirements
detailed above must be fulfilled in order to receive an A in this class.For a B
grade, the amount of entries is lowered to 30 (Central Pavilion), 30
(National Pavilions), 3 (Collateral); all others remain the same.
Anything less than that will receive a C grade or below.
Extra credit work does
NOT replace any requirements.
Collect as many pamphlets,
cards, flyers, and catalogs as possible. We will purchase the Biennale catalog
for each student as part of the program.
Be very thorough and
thoughtful with each of the requirements outlined above. Read criteria
carefully, so as to fully address expectations.
Academic Integrity
The appropriation or
imitation of the language, ideas and thoughts of another person (in part or
whole), and the representation of them as one’s original work is plagiarism.
The written work you turn in must be yours and yours alone. It must not be
written by someone else, or contain passages quoted or paraphrased from
another’s work without proper acknowledgment (quotation marks,citations, etc.).
Plagiarism will result in the failure of the assignment and possible failure of
the class. As specified in PPM 6-22 IV D, cheating and plagiarism violate the
Student Code.
Disability Accommodation
Any student requiring
accommodations or services due to a disability must contact Services for
Students of Disabilities (SSD) in room 181 of the Student Service Center. SSD
can also arrange to provide course materials (including this syllabus) in
alternative formats if necessary.
PPM 3-34 notes: “When
students seek accommodation in a regularly scheduled course, they have the
responsibility to make such requests at the Center for Students with
Disabilities before the beginning of the quarter [semester] in which the
accommodation is being requested. When a student fails to make such
arrangements, interim accommodations can be made by the instructor, pending the
determination of the request for a permanent accommodation.”
Core Beliefs
According to PPM 6-22
IV, students are to “determine, before the last day to drop courses without
penalty, when course requirements conflict with a student's core beliefs. If
there is such a conflict, the student should consider dropping the class. A
student who finds this solution impracticable may request a resolution from the
instructor. This policy does not oblige the instructor to grant the request,
except in those cases when a denial would be arbitrary and capricious or
illegal. This request must be made to the instructor in writing and the student
must deliver a copy of the request to the office of the department head. The
student's request must articulate the burden the requirement would place on the
student's beliefs.”
List of Arists
Born in 1862 in Solna, Sweden
Died in 1944 in Djursholm, Sweden
Victor Alimpiev
Born in 1973 in Moscow, Russia
Ellen Altfest
Born in 1970 in New York, USA
Pawel Althamer
Born in 1967 in Warsaw, Poland
Levi Fisher Ames
Born in 1843 in Sullivan, USA
Died in 1923 in Monroe, USA
Yuri Ancarani
Born in 1972 in Ravenna, Italy
Carl Andre
Born in 1935 in Quincy, USA
Uri Aran
Born in 1977 in Jerusalem, Israel
Yüksel Arslan
Born in 1933 in Istanbul, Turkey
Ed Atkins
Born in 1982 in Oxford, UK
Marino Auriti
Born in 1891 in Guardiagrele, Italy
Died in 1980 in Kennett Square, USA
Enrico Baj
Born in 1924 in Milan, Italy
Died in 2003 in Vergiate, Italy
Nikolay Bakharev
Born in 1946 in Mikhailovka, Russia
Nikolay Bakharev
Born in 1946 in Mikhailovka, Russia
Miroslaw Balka
Born in 1958 in Warsaw, Poland
Phyllida Barlow
Born in 1944 in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Morton Bartlett
Born in 1909 in Chicago, USA
Died in 1992 in Boston, USA
Gianfranco Baruchello
Born in 1924 in Livorno, Italy
Hans Bellmer
Born in 1902 in Katowice, Poland
Died in 1975 in Paris, France
Neïl Beloufa
Born in 1985 in Paris, France
Graphic Works of Southeast Asia and Melanesia, Hugo A. Bernatzik Collection 1932–1937
Stefan Bertalan
Born in 1930 in Racastie, Romania
Rossella Biscotti
Born in 1978 in Molfetta, Italy
Arthur Bispo do Rosário
Born in about 1910 in Japaratuba, Brazil
Died in 1989 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
John Bock
Born in 1965 in Gribbohm, Germany
Frédéric Bruly Bouabré
Born in 1923 in Zéprégüé, Ivory Coast
Geta Bratescu
Born in 1926 in Ploiesti, Romania
KP Brehmer
Born in 1938 in Berlin, Germany
Died in 1997 in Hamburg, Germany
James Lee Byars
Born in 1932 in Detroit, USA
Died in 1997 in Cairo, Egypt
Roger Caillois
Born in 1913 in Reims, France
Died in 1978 in Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Varda Caivano
Born in 1971 in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Vlassis Caniaris
Born in 1928 in Athens, Greece
Died in 2011 in Athens, Greece
James Castle
Born in 1899 in Garden Valley, USA
Died in 1977 in Boise, USA
Alice Channer
Born in 1977 in Oxford, UK
George Condo
Born in 1957 in Concord, USA
Aleister Crowley and Frieda Harris
Born in 1875 in Royal Leamington Spa, UK. Died in 1947 in
Hastings, UK
Born in 1877 in London, UK. Died in 1962 in Srinagar, India
Oliver Croy and Oliver Elser
Born in 1970 in Kitzbühel, Austria
Born in 1972 in Rüsselsheim, Germany
Oliver Croy and Oliver Elser
Born in 1970 in Kitzbühel, Austria
Born in 1972 in Rüsselsheim, Germany
R. Crumb
Born in 1943 in Philadelphia, USA
Roberto Cuoghi
Born in 1973 in Modena, Italy
Enrico David
Born in 1966 in Ancona, Italy
Tacita Dean
Born in 1965 in Canterbury, UK
John DeAndrea
Born in 1941 in Denver, USA
Thierry De Cordier
Born in 1954 in Ronse, Belgium
Jos De Gruyter and Harald Thys
Born in 1965 in Geel, Belgium
Born in 1966 in Wilrijk, Belgium
Walter De Maria
Born in 1935 in Albany, USA
Simon Denny
Born in 1982 in Auckland, New Zealand
Trisha Donnelly
Born in 1974 in Los Angeles, USA
Jimmie Durham
Born in 1940 in Washington, USA
Ex-votos from the Santuario di Romituzzo
Italian, 16th–19th Century
Ex-votos from the Santuario di Romituzzo
Italian, 16th–19th Century
Harun Farocki
Born in 1944 in Nový Jicín, Czech Republic
Peter Fischli & David Weiss
Born in 1952 in Zurich, Switzerland
Born in 1946 in Zurich, Switzerland. Died in 2012 in Zurich,
Switzerland
Linda Fregni Nagler
Born in 1976 in Stockholm, Sweden
Aurélien Froment
Born in 1976 in Angers, France
Phyllis Galembo
Born in 1952 in New York, USA
Norbert Ghisoland
Born in 1878 in La Bouverie, Belgium
Died in 1939 in Frameries, Belgium
Yervant Gianikian and Angela Ricci Lucchi
Born in 1942 in Merano, Italy
Born in 1942 in Lugo di Romagna, Italy
Domenico Gnoli
Born in 1933 in Rome, Italy
Died in 1970 in New York, USA
Robert Gober
Born in 1954 in Wallingford, USA
Tamar Guimarães and Kasper Akhøj
Born in 1967 in Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Born in 1976 in Copenhagen, Denmark
Guo Fengyi
Born in 1942 in Xi’an, China
Died in 2010 in Xi’an, China
João Maria Gusmão and Pedro Paiva
Born in 1979 in Lisbon, Portugal
Born in 1977 in Lisbon, Portugal
Wade Guyton
Born in 1972 in Hammond, USA
Haitian Vodou Banners
Duane Hanson
Born in 1925 in Alexandria, USA
Died in 1996 in Boca Raton, USA
Sharon Hayes
Born in 1970 in Baltimore, USA
Camille Henrot
Born in 1978 in Paris, France
Daniel Hesidence
Born in 1975 in Akron, USA
Roger Hiorns
Born in 1975 in Birmingham, UK
Channa Horwitz
Born in 1932 in Los Angeles, USA
Died in 2013 in Santa Monica, USA
Died in 2013 in Santa Monica, USA
Jessica Jackson Hutchins
Born in 1971 in Chicago, USA
René Iché
Born in 1897 in Sallèles-d'Aude, France
Died in 1954 in Paris, France
Hans Josephsohn
Born in 1920 in Kaliningrad, Russia
Died in 2012 in Zurich, Switzerland
Carl Gustav Jung
Born in 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland
Died in 1961 in Küsnacht, Switzerland
Carl Gustav Jung
Born in 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland
Died in 1961 in Küsnacht, Switzerland
Kan Xuan
Born in 1972 in Xuancheng, China
Bouchra Khalili
Born in 1975 in Casablanca, Morocco
Ragnar Kjartansson
Born in 1976 in Reykjavík, Iceland
Eva Kotátková
Born in 1982 in Prague, Czech Republic
Evgenij Kozlov (E-E)
Born in 1955 in St. Petersburg, Russia
Emma Kunz
Born in 1892 in Brittnau, Switzerland
Died in 1963 in Waldstatt, Switzerland
Maria Lassnig
Born in 1919 in Kappel am Krappfeld, Austria
Mark Leckey
Born in 1964 in Birkenhead, UK
Augustin Lesage
Born in 1876 in Saint-Pierre-les-Auchel, France
Died in 1954 in Burbure, France
Died in 1954 in Burbure, France
Lin Xue
Born in 1968 in Fujian, China
Herbert List
Born in 1903 in Hamburg, Germany
Died in 1975 in Munich, Germany
Sarah Lucas
Born in 1962 in London, UK
Helen Marten
Born in 1985 in Macclesfield, UK
Paul McCarthy
Born in 1945 in Salt Lake City, USA
Steve McQueen
Born in 1969 in London, UK
Prabhavathi Meppayil
Born in 1965 in Bangalore, India
Marisa Merz
Born in 1931 in Turin, Italy
Pierre Molinier
Born in 1900 in Agen, France
Died in 1976 in Bordeaux, France
Matthew Monahan
Born in 1972 in Eureka, USA
Laurent Montaron
Born in 1972 in Verneuil-sur-Avre, France
Melvin Moti
Born in 1977 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Matt Mullican
Born in 1951 in Santa Monica, USA
Ron Nagle
Born in 1939 in San Francisco, USA
Bruce Nauman
Born in 1941 in Fort Wayne, USA
Paulo Nazareth
Born in 1977 in Governador Valadares, Brazil
Paulo Nazareth
Born in 1977 in Governador Valadares, Brazil
Albert Oehlen
Born in 1954 in Krefeld, Germany
Shinro Ohtake
Born in 1955 in Tokyo, Japan
J.D. ‘Okhai Ojeikere
Born in 1930 in Ojomu Emai, Nigeria
Henrik Olesen
Born in 1967 in Esbjerg, Denmark
Damián Ortega
Born in 1967 in Mexico City, Mexico
Damián Ortega
Born in 1967 in Mexico City, Mexico
John Outterbridge
Born in 1933 in Greenville, USA
Paño Drawings
Marco Paolini
Born in 1956 in Belluno, Italy
Diego Perrone
Born in 1970 in Asti, Italy
Walter Pichler
Born in 1936 in Deutschnofen, Italy
Died in 2012 in Burgenland, Austria
Otto Piene
Born in 1928 in Bad Laasphe, Germany
Paloma Polo
Born in 1983 in Madrid, Spain
Paloma Polo
Born in 1983 in Madrid, Spain
Eliot Porter
Born in 1901 in Winnetka, USA
Died in 1990 in Santa Fe, USA
Imran Qureshi
Born in 1972 in Hyderabad, Pakistan
Carol Rama
Born in 1918 in Turin, Italy
Charles Ray
Born in 1953 in Chicago, USA
James Richards
Born in 1983 in Cardiff, UK
Achilles G. Rizzoli
Born in 1896 in Marin County, USA
Died in 1981 in San Francisco, USA
Pamela Rosenkranz
Born in 1979 in Sils-Maria, Switzerland
Dieter Roth
Born in 1930 in Hanover, Germany
Died in 1998 in Basel, Switzerland
Viviane Sassen
Born in 1972 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Shinichi Sawada
Born in 1982 in Shiga, Japan
Hans Schärer
Born in 1927 in Bern, Switzerland
Died in 1997 in St. Niklausen, Switzerland
Karl Schenker
Born in Germany
Died in 1951/52, UK
Michael Schmidt
Born in 1945 in Berlin, Germany
Jean-Frédéric Schnyder
Born in 1945 in Basel, Switzerland
Friedrich Schröder-Sonnenstern
Born in 1892 in Jasnoje, Russia
Died in 1982 in Berlin, Germany
Tino Sehgal
Born in 1976 in London, UK
Richard Serra
Born in 1939 in San Francisco, USA
Shaker Gift Drawings
Jim Shaw
Born in 1952 in Midland, USA
Cindy Sherman
Born in 1954 in Glen Ridge, USA
Laurie Simmons and Allan McCollum
Born in 1949 in Long Island, USA
Born in 1944 in Los Angeles, USA
Drossos P. Skyllas
Born in 1912 in Kalymnos, Greece
Died in 1973 in Chicago, USA
Harry Smith
Born in 1923 in Portland, USA
Died in 1991 in New York, USA
Xul Solar
Born in 1887 in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Died in 1963 in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Christiana Soulou
Born in 1961 in Athens, Greece
Eduard Spelterini
Born in 1852 in Bazenheid, Switzerland
Died in 1931 in Zipf, Austria
Rudolf Steiner
Born in 1861 in Donji Kraljevec, Croatia
Died in 1925 in Dornach, Switzerland
Hito Steyerl
Born in 1966 in Munich, Germany
José Antonio Suárez Londoño
Born in 1955 in Medellín, Colombia
Papa Ibra Tall
Born in 1935 in Tivaouane, Senegal
Dorothea Tanning
Born in 1910 in Galesburg, USA
Died in 2012 in New York, USA
Anonymous Tantric Paintings
Ryan Trecartin
Born in 1981 in Webster, USA
Rosemarie Trockel
Born in 1952 in Schwerte, Germany
Andra Ursuta
Born in 1979 in Salonta, Romania
Patrick Van Caeckenbergh
Born in 1960 in Aalst, Belgium
Erik van Lieshout
Born in 1968 in Deurne, The Netherlands
Stan VanDerBeek
Born in 1927 in New York, USA
Died in 1984 in Baltimore, USA
Danh Vo
Born in 1975 in Bà Ria–Vung Tàu Province, Vietnam
Eugene Von Bruenchenhein
Born in 1910 in Marinette, USA
Died in 1983 in Milwaukee, USA
Günter Weseler
Born in 1930 in Olsztyn, Poland
Jack Whitten
Born in 1939 in Bessemer, USA
Cathy Wilkes
Born in 1966 in Belfast, UK
Christopher Williams
Born in 1956 in Los Angeles, USA
Lynette Yiadom-Boakye
Born in 1977 in London, UK
Kohei Yoshiyuki
Born in 1946 in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan
Sergey Zarva
Born in 1973 in Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine
Anna Zemánková
Born in 1908 in Olomouc, Czech Republic
Died in 1986 in Prague, Czech Republic
Jakub Julian Ziólkowski
Born in 1980 in Zamosc, Poland
Artur Zmijewski
Born in 1966 in Warsaw, Poland
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